پایان نامه دکتری اسفندیار خدایی با عنوان: تحریمهای ایران در روابط آمریکا و چین: تعامل آمرانه آمریکا در مقابل موازنه نرم چین؛ دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده مطالعات جهان، بهمن 1396
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Dissertation Title:
Iran
Sanctions in US – China Relations
American Guarded Engagement
vs. Chinese Soft Balancing
By:
Esfandiar Khodaee
khodaee2@gmail.com
Supervisors:
Foad Izadi
Mohammad Ali Mousavi
Winter, 2018
Abstract
Throughout the nuclear dispute, the United States actively engaged
with world powers and the trade partners of Iran to make sanctions effective in
pressuring Tehran. Most trade partners of Iran reduced trade with this country
either voluntarily as alignment with the United States, or under pressures from
Washington. The role of China as the first trade partner of Iran and as a veto
power in the U.N. Security Council was controversial. In practice, China
continued and even expanded trade with Iran; and the Chinese companies somehow
filled the void of the absence of European and Asian rivals. This dissertation plans
to answer the question that why the United
States could not make China follow sanctions similar to other trade partners of
Iran. It studies U.S. policy to make China
follow sanctions on Iran, China’s response, and the limitations of Washington
in dealing with Beijing. Reviewing the events through process-tracing method,
shows that the Obama administration implemented a guarded-engagement strategy
to make China join sanctions and reduce trade with Iran. The United States
diplomatically engaged with China and considered Chinese economic and energy interests
and security concerns in the region. On the other hand, Washington pressured
Beijing through different channels such as sanctions against Chinese companies
and banks. In response, China followed a soft-balancing strategy. This rising
power did not directly stand against the United States to safeguard grand
interests in relations with America and the West. China eventually voted for all
the UN Security Council resolutions after some modifications on the texts to
secure China’s interests. On the other hand, China practically continued and
even expanded trade with Iran and refrained voluntary cooperation to make
sanction costly and abortive in order to thwart U.S. domination over the
energy-rich Middle East, and to prevent U.S. concentration on East Asia where
China’s core interests are located. The United States faced limitations in
making China follow Iran sanctions similar to what other trade partners of Iran
did. These limitations can be categorized in economic and political boundaries.
Sanctions against China, as the first trade partner of the United States, would
endanger U.S. economic interests and might antagonize China to join
anti-American coalitions and to stand against the United States in other issues.
Keeping close relations with China and other major economies is
essential for America to safeguard the role of U.S. dollar as the world reserve
currency. Despite the threatening American rhetoric, Washington
never imposed serious sanctions on major Chinese energy companies dealing with
Iran. Neoclassical realism theory provides a flexible framework by considering
both the structural position of states in the anarchic international system,
and the domestic factors concerning the key role of the policymakers, and the
complex interactions between them. The findings of this study show that decades
of exceptional economic growth has placed China in such a position that U.S.
power tools such as threats, sanctions and pressures are either too costly and
risky, or less productive in making China follow American policies.
Key Words:
US-China
Relations, Iran Sanctions, Guarded Engagement, Soft Balancing, Neoclassical
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